Ethical psychology is a branch of psychology that focuses on the study of morality, moral reasoning, and ethical behavior. One of the most influential theories in this field is the Theory of Care Ethics developed by psychologist Carol Gilligan. This theory challenged predominant ideas in moral psychology, which had long focused on principles of justice and rights, by highlighting the importance of care, interpersonal relationships, and the ethics of responsibility. In this article, we will delve into the Theory of Care Ethics, explaining its foundations, its criticisms and its relevance today.
Origins of the Theory of Care the Ethics of Care
Carol Gilligan, a disciple of Lawrence Kohlberg, was inspired by his research on moral development to formulate her own theory. Kohlberg had proposed a developmental stages approach to morality that focused on abstract moral reasoning, justice, and universal principles. However, Gilligan noted that in his studies there were significant differences between how men and women approached ethical dilemmas. While men tended to take a more formalist and justice approach, women were more concerned with interpersonal relationships, care, and the ethics of responsibility.
Based on these observations, Gilligan developed the Theory of the Ethics of Care as an alternative to the predominantly male approach to moral psychology. Her pioneering work, captured in her book "In a Different Voice" (1982), proposed that women and men have different forms of moral reasoning, and that care, empathy, and interpersonal connections are essential components of ethics. .
Fundamental Principles of the Theory of Care Ethics
Relational Perspective
In contrast to ethical theories that focus on abstract principles or universal rules, The Theory of Care Ethics focuses on interpersonal relationships and the importance of the social context in making ethical decisions. Gilligan argues that women tend to develop an ethic of care through connecting with others and considering the implications of their actions on the well-being of others. This relational perspective highlights interdependence and mutual responsibility as central ethical values.
Emphasis on Care and Empathy
For Gilligan, care is a fundamental aspect of morality, which It is manifested through concern for the well-being of others and empathy towards their needs and experiences. The ethic of care values open communication, active listening, and the ability to respond compassionately to the emotional and practical needs of others. Instead of imposing universal rules or principles, care ethics promotes ethical sensitivity and the ability to discern what is fair in specific situations.
Contextualization of Moral Conflicts
According to According to the Theory of Care Ethics, ethical conflicts cannot be addressed in isolation, but must be considered in the context of interpersonal relationships and social dynamics. Gilligan criticizes the view of traditional ethics based on abstract principles, arguing that it does not take into account the complexity of real situations and the influence of contextual factors on ethical decision-making. For her, it is essential to contextualize moral dilemmas and consider how they affect the people involved and their relationships.
Criticisms of the Theory of Care Ethics
Despite its influence and relevance, the Theory of Care Ethics has been the subject of criticism and debate within the academic community. Some of the main points of criticism include:
Gender Essentialism
One of the most common criticisms of Care Ethics Theory is its assumption that women naturally tend toward an ethical approach based on care, while men lean towards an approach of justice and universal principles. This binary conception of gender has been questioned for its simplification of the diversity of human experiences and for reinforcing gender stereotypes. Some critics argue that differences in moral reasoning are more related to contextual and cultural factors than to innate biological differences.
Balance between Care and Justice
Another important criticism of the Theory of The Ethics of Care is its apparent contrast between care and justice. Some scholars argue that Gilligan's approach overvalues care to the detriment of justice, suggesting that both dimensions are equally important in moral reasoning. The dichotomy between care and justice can lead to oversimplifications and the exclusion of other relevant ethical values in making complex ethical decisions.
Universality of the Ethics of Care
Another fundamental criticism to the Theory of Care Ethics is its universality. Some critics argue that care ethics can be applied more broadly to different cultural contexts, and not just limited to a Western or feminist perspective. The ability to incorporate care ethics into broader and more diverse ethical frameworks is an important challenge for its acceptance and application in different contexts and philosophical traditions.
Current Relevance of the Theory of Care Ethics
Despite criticism and controversies, the Theory of Care Ethics remains an influential and relevant theory in moral psychology and applied ethics. Its focus on care, interpersonal relationships, and ethical responsibility has been instrumental in expanding the field of ethical psychology and challenging traditional conceptions of morality.
Today, care ethics remains a valuable theoretical framework for addressing complex ethical dilemmas in diverse fields, such as healthcare, education, social work, and social justice. The promotion of care, empathy and compassion as central ethical values can contribute to the construction of more just, supportive and democratic societies.
In conclusion, Carol Gilligan's Theory of Care Ethics has represented a milestone in ethical psychology by highlighting the importance of care, interpersonal relationships and responsibility in making ethical decisions. Although he has been the subject of criticism and debate, his legacy endures as a reminder of the complexity and diversity of human experiences in the moral realm.