Corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones produced in the adrenal cortex. They are divided into three main types: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids and sexual corticosteroids. Each type has specific functions in the body and can have different effects depending on its use and dosage.
Glucocorticoids
Glucocorticoids are a type of corticosteroids that are responsible for regulating the body's response to stress, controlling the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins, and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. Cortisol is the main glucocorticoid in humans and is produced in the adrenal cortex in response to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) produced by the pituitary gland.
Glucocorticoids, such as prednisone and dexamethasone, are commonly used to treat inflammatory conditions, allergies, autoimmune diseases, asthma and skin diseases, among others. However, its prolonged use or in high doses can have adverse side effects, such as weight gain, osteoporosis, hypertension, diabetes, suppression of the immune system and mental disorders such as depression or anxiety.
Effects on the body
Glucocorticoids affect many body systems, including the immune system, cardiovascular system, musculoskeletal system, nervous system, and endocrine system. Its ability to reduce inflammation and modulate the immune response is beneficial in the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, but it can also suppress the normal immune response, increasing the risk of infections.
In addition, glucocorticoids They can alter carbohydrate metabolism, which can lead to increased blood glucose levels and, in some cases, diabetes. They can also increase blood pressure and the risk of osteoporosis by interfering with bone metabolism. In the nervous system, prolonged use can affect mood and cognition, increasing the risk of mental disorders.
Mineralocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids are another type of corticosteroids that are responsible for to regulate the balance of water and salt in the body. The main mineralocorticoid in humans is aldosterone, which is produced in the adrenal cortex and acts on the kidneys to promote the reabsorption of sodium and water and the excretion of potassium. This helps control blood pressure and the balance of fluids and electrolytes in the body.
Imbalances in mineralocorticoid levels can lead to problems such as high blood pressure, fluid retention, edema and electrolyte imbalances. Dysfunction of aldosterone production can result in diseases such as primary adrenal insufficiency, also known as Addison's disease, which is characterized by a chronic deficiency of cortisol and aldosterone.
Effects on the body
Mineralocorticoids have a crucial role in maintaining hydroelectrolyte balance and regulating blood pressure. Aldosterone acts on the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of sodium and water, which helps maintain blood pressure at appropriate levels. An excess of mineralocorticoids can result in high blood pressure and fluid retention, while a deficiency can lead to hypotension and electrolyte imbalances.
Therapeutic use of mineralocorticoids focuses mainly on the replacement of aldosterone in cases of insufficiency. primary adrenal, to maintain the balance of fluids and electrolytes in the body. However, excessive use can result in sodium and water retention, leading to high blood pressure and other cardiovascular problems.
Sexual corticosteroids
Sexual corticosteroids, also known as Sex steroids are steroid hormones produced in the sexual glands (testes in men and ovaries in women) and in the adrenal cortex. In men, androgens such as testosterone are the main sexual corticosteroids, while in women, estrogens and progesterone play a crucial role in regulating the menstrual cycle and fertility.
These hormones play a crucial role in regulating the menstrual cycle and fertility. important role in sexual development, reproductive function, libido and other aspects related to sexuality. In addition, sexual corticosteroids have effects on bone mass, body composition, fat distribution, red blood cell production, and mood, among other aspects.
Effects on the bodyEffects on the body
Sexual corticosteroids have differential effects on men and women due to their different levels of production and action. In men, androgens such as testosterone are responsible for the development of male sexual characteristics, sperm production, maintenance of muscle and bone mass, and regulation of sexual desire.
In women, Estrogens and progesterone regulate the menstrual cycle, ovulation, pregnancy, lactation and other aspects related to fertility and reproductive health. Imbalances in sexual corticosteroid levels can lead to problems such as infertility, menstrual cycle disorders, sexual dysfunction, osteoporosis and changes in body composition.
Therapeutic use of sexual corticosteroids focuses in the treatment of conditions such as menopause, premature ovarian failure, erectile dysfunction, testosterone deficiency and other conditions related to hormonal imbalances. However, using them inappropriately or in high doses can have side effects, such as changes in sexual desire, changes in muscle and bone mass, and endocrine dysfunction.
In summary, corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones with specific functions in the body that include regulation of metabolism, stress response, water-electrolyte balance and reproduction. Their therapeutic use can be beneficial in the treatment of various medical conditions, but also carries risks of adverse side effects, especially when used in high doses or for a long time.