Dissociation is a complex psychological phenomenon that can manifest itself in different ways and have various causes. It is defined as a defense mechanism that involves the separation or disconnection of components of consciousness, memory, identity or sensory perception. In simpler terms, dissociation implies a state in which the person may feel disconnected from their environment, from themselves, or from their own thoughts and emotions.
Types of dissociation
Dissociative dissociation
One of the most common forms of dissociation is dissociative dissociation, which involves the disconnection of consciousness and perception. In this state, the person may experience a feeling of unreality or of being separated from their body. For example, they may feel like they are watching themselves from the outside, as if they were watching a movie of their own life.
Amnestic dissociation
Another type of dissociation is dissociation. amnesia, which is characterized by loss of memory for specific events or entire periods of time. People who experience amnestic dissociation may forget what they have done or said during a particular period, without being aware of it afterwards.
Dissociative identity disorder (DID)
The disorder Dissociative identity disorder (DID), formerly known as multiple personality disorder, is a more serious disorder that involves the presence of two or more distinct identities in a person. Each of these identities can have its own name, history, and unique characteristics, and take over the individual at different times. This disorder is often associated with severe childhood trauma.
Underlying mechanisms
Dissociation may arise as a defense mechanism in response to situations of extreme emotional stress, such as abuse, trauma or dangerous situations. When a person is faced with experiences that are overwhelming or unbearable, dissociation can act as a form of psychological protection by separating awareness from emotional pain or perception of threat.
Neurobiology of dissociationNeurobiology of dissociation
From a neurobiological perspective, dissociation may involve alterations in the functioning of certain areas of the brain, such as the hippocampus and amygdala, which are involved in the processing of memory and emotions. These alterations can lead to the fragmentation of conscious experience and a disconnection between the different sensory and cognitive processing systems.
Defense theory
According to the psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud , dissociation is related to the repression of psychological and emotional conflicts that the person cannot consciously face. In this sense, dissociation would act as a defense mechanism that allows thoughts or experiences that generate distress or discomfort to be kept away from consciousness.
Learning model
Another approach to understanding dissociation is through the learning model, which suggests that this phenomenon may be the result of a conditioned association between stressful events and psychological disconnection. In this sense, dissociation would become an automatic, learned response that is activated in situations that are perceived as threatening or overwhelming.
Clinical manifestations
Physical symptoms
< Dissociation can manifest itself through a variety of physical symptoms, such as feeling numb or tingly in the body, feeling "floating" or being disconnected from reality, or even experiencing changes in the perception of time and space. space. These symptoms can be scary and confusing for those who experience them.Psychological symptoms
On a psychological level, dissociation can lead to a feeling of emotional disconnection, difficulty remembering personal information or significant events, or even the presence of alternate identities in cases of DID. These symptoms can interfere with the person's daily functioning and affect their emotional and mental well-being.
Impact on daily life
For those who experience episodes of dissociation on a recurring basis, the impact In everyday life it can be significant. The feeling of being disconnected from oneself or from reality can make interpersonal relationships, work or academic performance difficult, and even generate anxiety and confusion regarding one's own identity.
Treatment and management
Psychological therapy
Treatment of dissociation often involves psychological therapy, especially approaches such as cognitive behavioral therapy, cognitive restructuring therapy, or trauma-focused therapy. These therapeutic approaches can help the person process and confront the underlying experiences that have led to dissociation, as well as develop strategies to cope and regulate emotions more adaptively.
Integration therapy
In cases of DID or other more serious dissociative disorders, integration therapy is essential. This therapeutic approach seeks to integrate the different identities present in the person, encourage communication between them and work towards greater cohesion and integrated functioning of the personality. Integration therapy can be a long and complex process, but it can generate significant results in terms of well-being and functionality.
Medication
In some cases, medication can be used, such as anxiolytics or antidepressants, for the treatment of specific symptoms associated with dissociation, such as anxiety or depression. However, it is important to note that medication does not directly address the underlying cause of dissociation and is often used in combination with psychological therapy.
Self-care strategies
In addition to professional treatment, it is important for people experiencing dissociation to implement self-care strategies in their daily lives. These may include relaxation techniques, mindfulness, physical exercise, establishing healthy routines, and seeking support and emotional containment in your close social environment.
Conclusions
In summary, dissociation It is a complex psychological phenomenon that can manifest itself in various ways and have multiple causes. From a theoretical perspective, it has been related to defense mechanisms, neurobiological alterations, learning patterns and psychological repression. The symptoms of dissociation can affect both physically and psychologically, generating a significant impact on the daily lives of those who experience it.
Treatment of dissociation usually involves a combination of psychological therapy, integration therapy in more serious cases, medication in certain situations, and self-care strategies. It is essential to address this phenomenon in a comprehensive manner and adapted to the individual needs of each person, in order to promote their emotional and mental well-being.