Engrams are traces that experiences leave in our brain, representing the memory coding of each experience we live. These neural marks are fundamental for our cognitive and emotional development, since they influence our perception of the world, our reactions and our learning. In this article, we will explore in depth what engrams are, how they are formed, and how they influence our daily lives.
What are engrams?
Engrams are the physical representations of memories in the brain. They refer to the neural connections that are formed when we experience something new, whether it is a sensation, a thought or an emotion. These neural connections are made up of neurons that activate simultaneously during the experience, creating a network of information that encodes the memory of that particular event. This network of interconnected neurons is what we know as an engram.
Formation of engrams
The formation of engrams occurs through a complex process in which various brain structures intervene, such as the hippocampus, amygdala and cerebral cortex. When we experience something new, neurons in these areas of the brain activate and make connections with each other, creating an engram that represents that particular memory. As we repeat the experience or access that memory, these connections become stronger, making the engram more resilient and accessible.
Types of engrams
There are different types of engrams that They are formed in the brain, each related to a specific type of memory. Some of the most common engrams include:
1. Sensory engrams
These engrams are formed from sensory experiences, such as seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting or touching something. For example, the sensory engram of the experience of seeing a rainbow would be related to the visual areas of the brain that are activated during that moment.
2. Emotional engrams
Emotional engrams are formed from intense emotional experiences, such as fear, happiness or sadness. These engrams are related to brain structures such as the amygdala, which plays a key role in the processing of emotions.
3. Motor engrams
Motor engrams are associated with the memory of movements and actions. For example, the motor engram for riding a bicycle would be related to the motor areas of the brain that are activated during that activity.
Importance of engrams
Engrams are fundamental for our ability learning, memory and adaptation. They allow us to remember past experiences, learn from them and apply that knowledge in future situations. In addition, engrams also influence our emotional reactions and behaviors, since they determine how we perceive the world and how we relate to it.
1. Learning and memory
Engrams play a crucial role in our learning and memory process. When we learn something new, such as a skill or knowledge, engrams representing that information are formed in our brain. These engrams become stronger as we practice or remember that information, making it easier to access and consolidate in our long-term memory.
2. Behavior and emotions
Engrams also influence our behavior and emotions, as they determine how we perceive and react to the world around us. Past experiences, encoded in the form of engrams, affect how we relate to others, our self-image, and our emotional responses. For example, an emotional engram from a traumatic experience can predispose us to react with anxiety or fear in similar situations in the future.
Brain plasticity and engram remodeling
Brain plasticity is the the brain's ability to reorganize and adapt through the formation of new neural connections. This ability is fundamental for the remodeling of engrams, allowing them to be modified based on our experiences and learning. Brain plasticity gives us the opportunity to partially rewrite our memories and modify our responses to past stimuli.
1. Neuroplasticity and learning
Neuroplasticity is especially relevant in the learning process, since it allows us to acquire new knowledge and skills throughout our lives. By exposing ourselves to novel and challenging experiences, we create new neural connections and strengthen engrams related to that learning. This ability of the brain to adapt is what allows us to continue growing and developing throughout our lives.
2. Therapies based on brain plasticity
Brain plasticity has also given rise to different therapeutic approaches that are based on the brain's ability to modify its engrams and responses. For example, cognitive behavioral therapy focuses on identifying and restructuring engrams related to negative or dysfunctional thought patterns, helping people change their perceptions and behaviors. Similarly, exposure therapy relies on gradual exposure to feared stimuli to rewrite engrams associated with fear or anxiety.
Can engrams be erased?
Yes Although brain plasticity gives us the ability to remodel engrams, the total erasure of a specific memory is a much more complex process. While it is possible to weaken the connection between the neurons that form an engram through desensitization or reassignment of meaning, it is difficult to completely eliminate that imprint in the brain. This is because memories are distributed in different areas of the brain and are interconnected in a complex way.
1. Forgetting and reconsolidation of memory
Forgetting is a natural process that involves the loss of accessibility to a specific memory, but not necessarily its total elimination. When we remember a memory, it becomes temporarily unstable and susceptible to change. During this reconsolidation process, the memory can be modified or even eliminated if interference occurs or meaning is reassigned to the information stored in the engram.
2. Trauma and involuntary memory
In cases of severe trauma or traumatic memories, related engrams can be especially persistent and difficult to modify. Intense emotional experiences can create strongly embedded engrams in the brain, which can generate involuntary or intrusive memories that affect a person's quality of life. In these cases, specialized therapy may be necessary to address and process these engrams appropriately.
Conclusions
Engrams are the traces that experiences leave in our brain, representing the basis of our memory and learning. These neural connections allow us to remember past experiences, learn from them, and shape our way of perceiving the world. Brain plasticity gives us the ability to remodel engrams throughout our lives, adapting to new experiences and learning. Although the total erasure of a memory is a complex process, brain plasticity gives us the opportunity to modify engrams and transform our way of relating to the past. Ultimately, understanding how engrams work allows us to appreciate the complexity of our minds and the importance of caring for and nurturing our brains for healthy cognitive and emotional development.