The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a fundamental part of the nervous system found in the gastrointestinal tract, and is responsible for regulating functions such as digestion, nutrient absorption and intestinal motility. This system has a complex network of neurons and neurotransmitters, which work together to maintain the balance and proper functioning of the digestive tract. In this article, we will explore the main parts and functions of the enteric nervous system, as well as their importance for gastrointestinal health.
Parts of the Enteric Nervous System
The enteric nervous system is composed of two main plexuses of neurons: the myenteric plexus (Auerbach's plexus) and the submucosal plexus (Meissner's plexus). These plexuses are distributed throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract, from the esophagus to the rectum, and communicate with each other to coordinate the motor, secretory and sensory functions of the digestive system.
Myenteric Plexus (Myenteric Plexus) Auerbach's)
The myenteric plexus is located between the longitudinal and circular muscular layers of the intestinal wall. This plexus is primarily involved in the control of gastrointestinal motility, including the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles that allow movement of the bolus along the digestive tract. Additionally, the myenteric plexus regulates peristalsis, a process by which food is pushed through the digestive system in a coordinated and rhythmic manner.
Submucous Plexus (Meissner's Plexus)
The submucosal plexus is located in the submucosal layer of the intestinal wall, below the mucosa. This plexus is mainly related to secretory and sensory functions of the gastrointestinal tract. It controls the secretion of enzymes, hormones and mucus that help in the digestion and absorption of food, as well as the protection of the intestinal mucosa. Additionally, the submucosal plexus is responsible for regulating visceral sensations, such as pain and abdominal distension.
Functions of the Enteric Nervous System
The enteric nervous system plays a crucial role in the functioning of the digestive system, and its main functions include:
Regulation of Intestinal Motility
One of the most important functions of the enteric nervous system is to regulate intestinal motility, that is, the movement of food along the gastrointestinal tract. The myenteric plexus coordinates the contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscles of the intestinal wall, allowing the adequate advance of food and mixing with digestive juices.
Secretion of Enzymes and Hormones
The submucosal plexus controls the secretion of digestive enzymes, hormones and mucus that are essential for the digestion and absorption of nutrients. These substances are released in response to the presence of food in the gastrointestinal tract, and contribute to breaking down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body.
Transmission of Sensory Information
The enteric nervous system also has an important sensory function, recording and transmitting information about the state of the gastrointestinal tract. This includes sensations such as pain, bloating, and the presence of food or liquid in the intestine. This information is essential to regulate appropriate physiological responses, such as muscle contraction or the release of digestive substances.
Participation in Immune Responses
In addition to its digestive functions, it has been discovered that The enteric nervous system also plays a role in immune responses of the gastrointestinal tract. Enteric neurons can communicate with cells of the immune system in the intestinal mucosa, regulating inflammation and helping to maintain the balance between tolerance and the immune response to pathogens or foreign substances.
Importance of the Enteric Nervous System
The enteric nervous system is essential for gastrointestinal health and the general well-being of the body. Its correct functioning is necessary for efficient digestion, adequate absorption of nutrients and optimal regulation of intestinal functions. Alterations in the enteric nervous system may be associated with various gastrointestinal conditions, such as Hirschsprung's disease, irritable bowel syndrome or inflammatory bowel disease.
In addition, the enteric nervous system has been shown to be interconnected with the central nervous system through the gut-brain axis, suggesting that it can influence mood, stress and other emotional aspects through bidirectional communication between both systems.
Conclusions
In summary, the enteric nervous system is an essential part of the nervous system that regulates the digestive and sensory functions of the gastrointestinal tract. With its two main plexuses, the myenteric plexus and the submucosal plexus, the ENS coordinates intestinal motility, the secretion of enzymes and hormones, the transmission of sensory information, and participates in local immune responses. Its importance for gastrointestinal health and its connection with the central nervous system make it an increasingly relevant area of study in psychology and neurogastroenterology.