Kanner Syndrome, also known as classic childhood autism, was first described by psychiatrist Leo Kanner in 1943. This condition has been the subject of intense research and debate in the field of psychology and psychiatry, since has led to important advances in the understanding of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). In this article we will explore what Kanner Syndrome is, its main characteristics and the relationship it has with ASD in general.
Origin and Description of Kanner Syndrome
Leo Kanner pioneered the identification and description of classic childhood autism, basing his work on detailed observations of children who presented with a particular set of symptoms and characteristics. Kanner Syndrome is characterized by deficits in social communication and interaction, repetitive and stereotyped behavior patterns, as well as restricted or hyperfocused interests. These symptoms usually appear in early childhood, around 2 or 3 years of age, and persist throughout the life of the affected person.
Children with Kanner Syndrome often have difficulties in establish and maintain social relationships, have difficulty understanding emotions and expressing their own, and display unconventional or inappropriate behavior in social situations. In addition, they tend to adhere excessively to routines and rituals, showing resistance to change and sensitivity to sensory stimuli such as light, sound or touch.
Key Characteristics of Kanner Syndrome
Among the key characteristics that define Kanner Syndrome are:
- Problems in verbal and non-verbal communication, such as difficulties starting or maintaining conversations, lack of eye contact, and inappropriate gestures or limited.
- Difficulties in social interaction, such as lack of empathy, difficulties in interpreting social cues, and limitations in emotional reciprocity.
- Repetitive and stereotyped behaviors, such as repetitive body movements, echolalia (repetition of words or phrases), and strict adherence to pre-established routines.
- Restricted or hyperfocused interests, manifested in obsessions with particular topics, collections of specific objects, or repetitive and unusual activities.
Relationship of Kanner Syndrome with ASD
Kanner Syndrome is considered the classic and most severe form of autism within Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), a category which encompasses different conditions related to each other. ASD are characterized by difficulties in communication and social interaction, repetitive and stereotyped behavior patterns, as well as restricted or hyperfocused interests. Although there is wide variability in the presentation of ASD, they share certain common characteristics that distinguish them from other developmental disorders.
Broadening the Autism Spectrum
In recent years, Conceptualization of autism has evolved, moving from a narrower view of Kanner Syndrome to a broader perspective that recognizes the diversity of manifestations and profiles within the autism spectrum. This broadening of the spectrum has made it possible to include less severe subtypes of autism, such as Asperger Syndrome and Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS), as well as other related conditions such as Sensory Processing Disorder and Attention Deficit Disorder. and Hyperactivity (ADHD) that can co-occur with autism.
ASD occurs in a variety of forms and degrees of severity, reflecting the diversity of autistic profiles in the population. Some people with ASD may have superior cognitive abilities, special talents in specific areas, or more developed communication abilities, while others may have associated intellectual disabilities, language delays, or motor and sensory difficulties.
Genetic and Environmental Factors in ASD
The etiology of ASD is complex and multifactorial, involving the interaction of genetic and environmental factors in the development and expression of these disorders. It has been shown that there is a strong genetic basis for ASD, with the identification of several candidate genes involved in the predisposition to autism. Studies of twins and families with autistic background have confirmed the heritability of ASD, although the influence of environmental factors on the phenotypic expression of the disorders is also recognized.
Among the environmental factors that have been associated with a Increased risk of ASD include exposure to certain teratogenic agents during pregnancy, such as environmental toxins, viral infections, and obstetric complications, as well as perinatal factors that can affect brain development and neuronal plasticity early in life. The interaction of genetic and environmental factors in ASD suggests the complexity and heterogeneity of these disorders, as well as the need for multidisciplinary approaches in their evaluation and treatment.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Kanner Syndrome and ASD
The diagnosis of Kanner Syndrome and other ASD is based on the clinical evaluation of the symptoms and characteristics observed in the individual, with the help of standardized autism assessment instruments and psychometric tests to evaluate cognitive functioning, linguistic and adaptive. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) of the American Psychiatric Association is the most used reference in the classification and diagnosis of ASD, including Kanner Syndrome and other autistic disorders.
Multidisciplinary Approach in the Treatment of Autism
The treatment of Kanner Syndrome and ASD focuses on addressing the specific needs of the individual, considering their strengths and challenges, as well as the therapeutic and educational goals to be achieved. The multidisciplinary approach is fundamental in the treatment of autism, involving the collaboration of different health and educational professionals, such as psychologists, psychiatrists, occupational therapists, speech therapists, and specialized educators.
Recommended interventions for autism autism include early intervention programs, behavioral and cognitive therapies, social and communication skills training, as well as educational and inclusion supports to improve the quality of life and adaptive functioning of people with ASD. Pharmacological treatments can be used in cases of psychiatric comorbidities or specific symptoms of autism, but they do not constitute the basis of autism treatment itself.
Research and Advances in Autism
Research in Kanner Syndrome and ASD has experienced notable growth in recent decades, with important advances in the understanding of the biology, genetics, and neuroscience of autism. Brain biomarkers, genetic abnormalities and neurobiological alterations associated with ASD have been identified, which has allowed a better understanding of the neurobiological bases and heterogeneity of autism spectrum disorders.
Advances in ASD research autism have contributed to the development of new treatment and prevention strategies, as well as the promotion of public awareness about the importance of inclusion and respect for the diversity of people with autism. The active participation of autistic individuals, families, and civil society organizations in research and promotion of inclusive policies has been fundamental in improving the quality of life and well-being of people with ASD in today's society.
In summary, Kanner Syndrome, also known as classic childhood autism, is a severe form of autism that has been instrumental in the identification and understanding of autism spectrum disorders in general. The relationship of Kanner Syndrome with ASD reflects the diversity and complexity of these disorders, as well as the importance of integrated and multidisciplinary approaches in their diagnosis and treatment. Research and advances in autism have allowed for greater awareness and understanding of these conditions, as well as the promotion of inclusive policies and practices to improve the quality of life and social integration of people with autism in today's society.