The human brain is an incredibly complex and fascinating organ that is responsible for controlling all the functions of the body, as well as processing our emotions, thoughts and behaviors. Within this organ, we find a network of nerve cells called neurons, which communicate with each other through chemical substances known as neurotransmitters.
What are they? neurotransmitters?
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers found in the brain and nervous system, responsible for transmitting signals between neurons. These substances are essential for the proper functioning of the brain, since they allow communication between nerve cells and are responsible for regulating a wide range of functions, such as mood, memory, sleep, attention, among others.
Classification of neurotransmitters
There are different types of neurotransmitters, each with specific functions in the brain and body. Some of the most important neurotransmitters include:
- Acetylcholine: It acts on muscle contraction, memory and brain activity.
- Dopamine:Regulates pleasure, reward, motivation and movement.
- Serotonin:Associated with mood, sleep and appetite. li>
- Glutamate: It is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, involved in neuronal plasticity and memory formation.
- GABA (Gamma-Acid aminobutyric): Main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, involved in the regulation of muscle tone and anxiety.
Each neurotransmitter fulfills a specific function and its imbalance can have consequences on a person's mental and physical health. For example, disorders such as depression, anxiety, schizophrenia and Parkinson's are associated with dysfunctions in the transmission of neurotransmitters.
How do neurotransmitters work?
The communication process between neurons through neurotransmitters is complex but essential for the proper functioning of the brain. When a neuron is stimulated, it releases neurotransmitters through a structure called the presynaptic terminal into the synaptic gap, which is the space between one neuron and another.
Neurotransmitters travel through the synaptic gap and bind to specific receptors on the membrane of the receiving neuron, which triggers a series of biochemical events in this neuron. These events can generate the transmission of an electrical signal, the inhibition of a signal or the modulation of the activity of the receiving neuron.
Reuptake and degradation processes
Once the neurotransmitters have fulfilled their function of transmitting the signal, it is important that they are eliminated from the synaptic space to avoid overstimulation of the neurons. There are two main processes that regulate the concentration of neurotransmitters in the synapse:
Reuptake: In this process, neurotransmitters not used in the synapse are reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron and recycled to its subsequent use. Reuptake is carried out by specialized transport proteins.
Degradation: Some neurotransmitters are degraded by specific enzymes present in the synaptic space, which helps maintain optimal levels of these substances in the brain.
Factors that affect the function of neurotransmitters
The function of neurotransmitters can be influenced by a variety of factors, both internal and external. Some of the factors that can affect the transmission of neurotransmitters include:
- Genetics: Some genetic variations can affect the production, release or reception of neurotransmitters in the brain.
- Lifestyle: Factors such as diet, exercise, stress and drug use can influence the function of neurotransmitters.
- Diseases: Neurological and psychiatric disorders can be associated with imbalances in the transmission of neurotransmitters.
- Medicines: Some drugs can affect the production, release or uptake of neurotransmitters in the brain.
Importance of maintaining a balance of neurotransmitters
The balance of neurotransmitters in the brain is essential for a person's mental and emotional health. Alterations in the transmission of these chemical messengers may be involved in the development of psychological and neurological disorders, so it is important to maintain a healthy lifestyle and seek professional help if you experience symptoms of neurotransmitter imbalances.
Conclusions
Neurotransmitters are key pieces in the complex neuronal communication system of the brain. Its correct functioning is essential to regulate a wide range of cognitive, emotional and physical functions in the body. Understanding how neurotransmitters work and the factors that can influence their transmission allows us to have a clearer vision of the importance of taking care of our mental and emotional health.
In summary, neurotransmitters are the chemical messengers of the brain. that allow us to experience the world around us, control our emotional and cognitive responses, and maintain balance in our body and mind.