Selye's theory of stress is one of the most influential in the field of psychology and medicine. Developed by Canadian endocrinologist Hans Selye in the 1930s, this theory has become a fundamental framework for understanding how the human body responds to the demands and pressures of the environment.
Origin and development of Selye's theory of stress
Hans Selye began to investigate the phenomenon of stress when, during his studies at the university, he observed that different diseases provoke similar responses in the body. In 1936, Selye first presented his work on "general adaptation syndrome" at an endocrinology conference in Montreal. This concept was based on the idea that, regardless of the nature of the stressor (the cause of stress), the human body responded in a predictable and consistent manner.
Over the years, Selye continued investigating and refining his theory, arriving at the conclusion that stress is a non-specific response of the body to any demand placed upon it, whether physical or psychological. This stress response is triggered by a set of physiological reactions that prepare the body to face the stress situation.
The three stages of the stress response
Selye identified three stages or phases in the stress response, which are part of what he called the "general adaptation syndrome". These stages are:
Alarm phase
In this phase, the body recognizes the stressor and activates the sympathetic nervous system, triggering what is known as the "fight or flight response". During this stage, hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol are released, which increase heart rate, blood pressure, and the energy available to the body. The priority at this time is to face the stressful situation.
Resistance phase
If the stressor persists, the body enters the resistance phase, in which it tries to adapt to the continuous demand for stress. In this stage, the body tries to maintain an internal balance despite the constant pressure. However, this sustained adaptation can lead to a depletion of the body's resources if the stressful situation is not resolved.
Exhaustion phase
If the stress is chronic or very intense , the body reaches the exhaustion phase, where resources are depleted and the ability to adapt is compromised. At this stage, the individual is more susceptible to physical and mental illnesses, since the body cannot maintain the stress response for a long time without negative consequences.
The impact of stress on health
Selye's theory of stress has been fundamental in understanding how stress can affect people's physical and mental health. Chronic exposure to stress can have negative effects on the immune system, cardiovascular system, digestive system, and nervous system, among others. Additionally, chronic stress has been linked to an increased risk of developing chronic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, depression and anxiety.
The physiological mechanisms triggered by stress can have a lasting impact on the body if not managed properly. The continuous release of stress hormones such as cortisol can cause changes in the functioning of different body systems, which in the long term can contribute to the development of chronic diseases.
Acute stress vs. chronic stress
It is important to distinguish between acute stress, which is a brief and specific response to a stressful situation, and chronic stress, which lasts over time and can have more harmful effects on health. Acute stress can be useful in emergency situations, as it activates defense mechanisms that allow us to cope with the threat. However, if stress continues over time, it can become chronic and have negative consequences for general well-being.
The importance of managing stress
Given the impact that stress chronic stress can have on your health, it is crucial to learn how to manage stress effectively. Adopting healthy coping strategies, such as practicing relaxation techniques, regular physical exercise, eating a balanced diet, and setting clear limits on responsibilities, can help reduce the harmful effects of stress on the body and mind.
In addition, seeking social support, whether through family, friends or mental health professionals, can be of great help in coping with stressful situations and preventing the escalation of stress to chronic levels.
Conclusions
In short, Selye's theory of stress has been fundamental to understanding how the human body responds to the demands of the environment and how that response can influence health and well-being . Recognizing the stages of the stress response and adopting effective coping strategies are key aspects to prevent the negative consequences of stress in daily life.
Understanding that stress is part of the human experience and that its management Adequate fitness is essential to maintain physical and emotional balance, allowing us to face life's challenges with greater resilience and well-being.