The sternocleidohyoid muscle, also known as the sternocleidomastoid muscle, is a muscle located in the neck that plays a fundamental role in the mobility of the head and neck. It is one of the most prominent and easily recognizable muscles in the cervical region. Its name derives from the points of origin and insertion it has in the sternum, clavicle and hyoid bone. Below, we will explore in detail what the sternocleidohyoid muscle is, its anatomical characteristics and how it functions in the human body.
Characteristics of the sternocleidohyoid muscle
The sternocleidohyoid is a long, thin muscle found on both sides of the neck. It originates in two different points in the thorax: on the one hand in the sternal manubrium, the upper part of the sternum, and on the other hand in the clavicle. From these points of origin, the muscle heads upward and backward, to finally insert into the mastoid process of the skull, just behind the ear.
This muscle has a shape similar to an anatomical brace, since that extends diagonally along the lateral and anterior part of the neck. It is easily visible and palpable in the cervical region, especially when it contracts during rotation or flexion of the head. Its action is closely related to the movement of the head and neck, allowing flexion, extension, rotation and lateralization of the head.
Structure and function of the sternocleidohyoid muscle
The sternocleidohyoid is a neck extensor muscle that collaborates with other neck muscles in the stability and mobility of the head. When both sternocleidohyoid muscles contract simultaneously, they produce flexion of the cervical spine, leading the head to tilt forward. On the contrary, when the muscles contract unilaterally, a rotation of the head occurs towards the side opposite to the contracted muscle.
In addition to its role in head and neck movements, the Sternocleidohyoid muscle also plays an important role in respiratory function. By fixing the sternum and elevating the hyoid bone during inspiration, this muscle contributes to the expansion of the thoracic cavity and facilitates the process of inhalation and exhalation.
In the clinical setting, the sternocleidohyoid muscle can be targeted of various conditions, such as contractures, muscle spasms or traumatic injuries. Evaluation of the function and tone of this muscle is crucial in the diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders of the neck and spine.
Injuries and pathologies associated with the sternocleidohyoid muscle
Due Due to its anatomical position and its role in the stability and mobility of the neck, the sternocleidohyoid muscle can be affected by various injuries and pathologies that affect its function. Some of the most common conditions associated with this muscle include:
Congenital torticollis
Congenital torticollis is a muscular disorder that occurs at birth and is manifested by abnormal tilting or rotation of the the head to the side. In some cases, this condition may be related to a contracture of the sternocleidohyoid muscle, which limits the mobility of the head and neck.
Muscle contracture
Muscle contractures in the sternocleidohyoid They can be due to poor posture, traumatic injuries or muscle tension. These contractures can cause pain, stiffness and limitation in neck movements, which affects the quality of life and well-being of the affected individual.
Eagle's syndrome
Eagle's syndrome is a rare condition characterized by the presence of an accessory bone or an elongated styloid process at the base of the skull. In some cases, this bone process can irritate or compress the sternocleidohyoid muscle, causing symptoms such as neck pain, difficulty swallowing, and a sensation of a foreign body in the throat.
Rehabilitation and treatment of neck injuries. sternocleidohyoid muscle
The treatment of injuries and conditions of the sternocleidohyoid muscle usually consists of a multidisciplinary approach that includes physical therapy, pharmacological treatment and, in some cases, surgical intervention. Rehabilitation of the sternocleidohyoid muscle may include stretching, strengthening, and postural reeducation exercises.
Stretching exercises
Stretching exercises are useful for relieving tension and improving flexibility of the sternocleidohyoid muscle. . Some recommended stretching techniques include lateral head tilt, head rotation, and neck flexion. These exercises should be performed gently and progressively, avoiding causing additional pain or discomfort.
Strengthening exercises
To prevent future injuries and improve neck stability, it is recommended to perform strengthening exercises. Specific strengthening for the sternocleidohyoid muscle. Some common exercises include manual resistance during neck flexion and extension, as well as the application of progressive loads to strengthen the cervical muscles.
Postural reeducation
Postural reeducation is essential in the treatment of chronic injuries of the neck and spine. Adopting proper posture during daily activities and avoiding positions that increase tension in the sternocleidohyoid muscle can contribute to recovery and prevention of future injuries.
In cases of serious injuries or chronic conditions that do not respond to treatment conservatively, it may be necessary to resort to more invasive interventions, such as surgery to correct anatomical abnormalities or release nerve compressions in the cervical region. It is important to consult a health professional specialized in orthopedics or sports medicine to establish an individualized treatment plan adapted to the patient's needs.
In conclusion, the sternocleidohyoid muscle plays a crucial role in mobility. , stability and respiratory function of the neck and head. Knowing its anatomy, function and possible associated injuries is essential to understand the mechanisms involved in musculoskeletal disorders of the cervical region. A comprehensive approach that incorporates rehabilitation, prevention and treatment measures is essential to preserve the health and well-being of individuals affected by injuries to the sternocleidohyoid muscle.