Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neurobiological disorder that affects the attention, self-control and organizational capacity of those who suffer from it. It manifests itself in childhood, but can also persist into adolescence and adulthood. Although the general term ADHD is widely known, it is important to keep in mind that there are different types of this disorder, each with specific characteristics, causes and symptoms.
Types of ADHD
Inattentive Predominant Type
The Inattentive Predominant Type of ADHD is characterized by difficulties primarily related to attention and concentration. Those with this type of ADHD tend to be distractible, disorganized, and often appear not to listen when spoken to directly. Additionally, they may have difficulty following instructions and completing tasks that require sustained mental effort.
Among the most common characteristics of this type of ADHD are the tendency to lose objects easily, forget important commitments or tasks, avoid activities that require mental effort considered excessive and show disinterest in activities that do not arouse immediate interest.
Hyperactive-Impulsive Predominant Type
The Hyperactive-Impulsive Predominant Type of ADHD It is characterized by the predominant presence of hyperactivity and/or impulsivity compared to attention problems. People with this type of ADHD are usually restless, impulsive, and tend to act without thinking about the consequences.
Among the most notable characteristics of this type of ADHD are difficulty staying still or in their seats. in situations where they are expected to be calm, talk excessively, interrupt others, act without considering long-term consequences, and have difficulty waiting their turn in games or group activities.
Combined Type
The Combined Type of ADHD involves the presence of symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity. People with this type of ADHD experience difficulties in both areas, which can manifest in problems staying focused on tasks, as well as a tendency to be impulsive and show a higher level of activity than usual.
This type of ADHD can present a greater challenge in terms of diagnosis and treatment, since it requires addressing both attention problems and problems with hyperactivity and impulsivity simultaneously.
Causes of ADHD
The exact causes of ADHD are not yet fully understood, but it is believed to be the result of a combination of genetic, environmental and neurobiological factors. Some of the possible factors that may contribute to the development of ADHD include:
Genetic Factors
It has been observed that ADHD tends to run in families, suggesting that there is a genetic predisposition to the disorder. Studies have identified several genes that may be associated with ADHD, although the disorder is not directly inherited and other factors can also influence its development.
Environmental Factors
The The environment in which a person grows and develops can also play a role in the manifestation of ADHD. Exposure to certain environmental factors, such as early exposure to toxins, tobacco, alcohol, or drug use during pregnancy, premature birth, or low birth weight, may increase the risk of developing ADHD.
Neurobiological Factors
Research has shown that in people with ADHD, certain areas of the brain may function differently than those of those who do not suffer from the disorder. Differences have been identified in the activity of certain neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and norepinephrine, as well as in the structure and functioning of brain regions related to attention, memory and self-control.
Symptoms of ADHD
The symptoms of ADHD can vary depending on the type of disorder and the person affected, but are generally divided into inattention symptoms, hyperactivity symptoms, and impulsivity symptoms. Some of the most common symptoms of ADHD include:
Symptoms of Inattention
- Difficulty paying attention to details and making careless mistakes.
- Difficulty maintaining attention on tasks or activities.
- Avoid tasks that require sustained mental effort.
- Forget objects necessary for tasks or activities.
- Easily distracted due to external stimuli.
Symptoms of Hyperactivity
- Restlessness or constant movements of hands or feet.
- Difficulty remaining seated in situations in which they are expected to be calm.
- Talks excessively.
- Running or climbing in inappropriate situations.
- Having difficulty playing or doing activities in silence .
Symptoms of Impulsivity
- Acting without thinking about the consequences.
- Difficulty waiting your turn in games or group activities.
- Interrupting or intruding on others' conversations or games.
- Making hasty or impulsive decisions without considering the consequences.
- Displaying difficulty keeping secrets or maintaining confidential information
It is important to keep in mind that ADHD symptoms can vary in intensity and present in different ways in each person. Additionally, the presence of some of these symptoms is not necessarily indicative that a person has ADHD, as other disorders or medical conditions may present similar symptoms.
In conclusion, ADHD is a complex disorder that can manifest in different ways depending on the predominant type. Understanding the characteristics, causes, and symptoms of ADHD is essential for an accurate diagnosis and an effective treatment plan. If you suspect that you or someone you know might be experiencing symptoms of ADHD, it is important to consult with a mental health professional to receive a proper evaluation and determine the best course of action.