In human communication, messages play a fundamental role. Each word, gesture or expression can convey a large amount of information and have a significant impact on interpersonal relationships. In this article, we will explore the 20 most common types of messages in the psychology of communication, classifying them and explaining their importance in human interaction.
Types of Messages Verbal
1. Direct Messages
Direct messages are those that are expressed clearly and bluntly. They are characterized by their directness and their ability to transmit information directly and concisely. This type of message is usually valued in situations where clarity and honesty is required.
2. Indirect Messages
Contrary to direct messages, indirect messages are characterized by their subtlety and ambiguity. They can convey hidden or implicit meanings that require deeper interpretation by the receiver. Sometimes, indirect messages can be used to communicate delicate emotions or thoughts in a gentler way.
3. Assertive Messages
Assertive messages are those that express a person's thoughts, feelings, and needs in a clear, honest, and respectful manner. They are distinguished by their ability to establish healthy boundaries and encourage open and constructive communication.
4. Aggressive Messages
Aggressive messages are characterized by their dominant, critical and derogatory tone. They seek to impose the will of the person issuing them on others, without taking into account the feelings or perspectives of the recipients. This type of messages can be harmful to interpersonal relationships and generate conflicts.
5. Passive Messages
Unlike assertive messages, passive messages are characterized by the lack of expression of one's own thoughts and feelings. People who send passive messages tend to give in to the needs of others, thus avoiding conflicts or confrontations. However, this lack of self-affirmation can lead to unhealthy communication and the buildup of resentment.
6. Passive-Aggressive Messages
Passive-aggressive messages combine elements of passivity and aggressiveness. They are characterized by indirectly expressing a person's hostility, anger or frustration, often through sarcasm, irony or ambiguous gestures. This type of communication is usually ineffective and can cause misunderstandings and conflicts.
7. Neutral Messages
Neutral messages are those that are expressed objectively and without making value judgments. They focus on concrete information and avoid emotional burden. Neutral messages are useful in situations where data needs to be transmitted in an unbiased and objective manner.
8. Positive Messages
Positive messages are characterized by their optimistic, kind and encouraging tone. They transmit support, gratitude and affection, thus contributing to strengthening interpersonal relationships and generating a climate of trust and well-being.
9. Negative Messages
Negative messages express criticism, complaints or discontent. They can generate tensions and conflicts if they are not communicated in a constructive and respectful way. It is important to know how to express negative messages assertively and seek joint solutions to address problems effectively.
Types of Non-Verbal Messages
10. Non-Verbal Communication
Non-verbal communication includes gestures, facial expressions, body postures, tone of voice and other elements that transmit information without the need for words. This type of communication can complement, contradict or replace verbal communication, being essential in the interpretation of messages.
11. Body Language
Body language includes gestures, movements and postures that communicate information about our emotional states, attitudes and desires. The way we use our body can influence the perception that others have of us and the effectiveness of our communication.
12. Facial Expressions
Our facial expressions are key in non-verbal communication, since they transmit emotions, intentions and sensations immediately and without the need for words. A smile, a frown or a gesture of surprise can have a significant impact on the interpretation of our messages.
13. Eye Contact
Eye contact is a fundamental element in non-verbal communication, which can convey confidence, interest, sincerity or discomfort. The way we maintain eye contact during a conversation influences the quality of the interaction and the perception that others have of us.
14. Tone of Voice
The tone of voice plays a crucial role in communication, as it can convey emotions, intentions and attitudes. Voice volume, intonation, speed and modulation can completely change the meaning of a message, so it is important to pay attention to how we use our tone of voice when communicating.
15. Personal Distance
Personal distance refers to the physical space we maintain with others during interaction. This distance can vary depending on the type of relationship, culture, context and individual preferences. The way we manage personal distance can influence the comfort, intimacy and trust in communication.
Types of Specific Non-Verbal Messages
16. Kinesic Messages
Kinetic messages refer to gestures, movements and body postures that communicate information non-verbally. These messages can reinforce, contradict or replace verbal communication, providing additional nuances and meanings to the interaction.
17. Proxemic Messages
Proxemic messages refer to the use of physical space in communication. The distance between people, interactions in shared spaces, and the layout of the environment can convey information about the nature of the relationship, the level of intimacy, or the social hierarchy.
18. Paralinguistic Messages
Paralinguistic messages include vocal elements such as tone, speed, intensity and intonation of the voice. These elements can transmit emotions, intentions and attitudes that complement or modify the meaning of verbal communication.
19. Chronemic Messages
Chronemic messages refer to the use of time in communication. Punctuality, length of interactions, wait times, and other temporal aspects can send messages about value, priority, or respect in the interaction.
20. Haptic Messages
Haptic messages are related to physical contact in communication, such as hugs, handshakes, pats on the back, among others. Physical contact can transmit emotions, affection, comfort or dominance, influencing the quality of interaction and emotional connection between people.
In summary, messages are fundamental elements in human communication, both verbal and non verbal. Understanding the different types of messages, their characteristics, and their impact on interaction can improve our communication skills, strengthen our interpersonal relationships, and foster more effective and meaningful communication.