Humanism is a philosophical and psychological current that emphasizes the dignity and potential of people, as well as their ability to grow, develop and find meaning and purpose in life. Within humanism, there are various currents that have evolved over time, each with its own characteristics and approaches. In this article, we will explore the 7 most prominent types of humanism and their main distinctive features.
1. Existentialist Humanism
Existential humanism focuses on the idea that human beings are responsible for creating their own meaning and purpose in life, despite the lack of inherent purpose in the universe. It emerged in the existentialist philosophy of thinkers such as Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir, who emphasized individual freedom and the human capacity for choice.
Key characteristics:
- Emphasis on individual freedom and responsibility.
- Belief in people's ability to create their own meaning.
- Importance of facing existential anguish and the uncertainty of life.
- Rejection of the idea of a pre-established purpose in human existence.
2. Psychological humanism
Psychological humanism, developed by figures such as Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers, focuses on personal growth, self-actualization, and the importance of each individual's subjective experience. This approach places emphasis on the human potential to achieve higher levels of functioning and well-being.
Key characteristics:
- Emphasis on self-actualization and personal development.
- Belief in the innate goodness and growth potential of people.
- Importance of subjective experience and individual perception.
- Focus on higher psychological needs, such as self-realization and transcendence.
3. Secular humanism
Secular humanism is a movement that promotes humanistic ethics and values without necessarily resorting to religious beliefs. It is based on the idea that humans can live ethical and meaningful lives without reliance on divine authority, focusing on human well-being and reason as guides to action.
Key Features:
- Emphasis on ethics and humanistic values without religious foundations.
- Defense of individual autonomy and responsibility.
- Belief in the capacity of reason and science to guide human behavior.
- Promotion of social justice, equality and individual freedom.
4. Religious humanism
Contrary to secular humanism, religious humanism integrates ethical and humanistic values with religious beliefs and practices. This current seeks to combine the spiritual dimension and the search for meaning with a commitment to humanistic values, promoting individual and collective well-being from a religious perspective.
Key characteristics:
- Integration of humanistic values with religious beliefs.
- Emphasis on the importance of spirituality and the search for meaning.
- Promotion of compassion, empathy and solidarity as central values.
- Openness to interreligious dialogue and diversity of beliefs.
5. Cosmic humanism
Cosmic humanism is a current that considers human beings as an integral part of the universe, connected to nature and the cosmos as a whole. It focuses on the interconnection of all living beings and the need to live in harmony with the natural environment, promoting concern for sustainability and the preservation of the planet.
Key features:
- Emphasis on the interconnection and unity of life in the cosmos.
- Promotion of harmony with nature and the preservation of the environment.
- Recognition of the human finitude and the importance of living in accordance with the universe.
- Valuation of the experience of amazement and admiration at the greatness of the cosmos.
6. Integral humanism
Integral humanism seeks to integrate different aspects of the human being, including the physical, emotional, mental and spiritual, to promote holistic and balanced development. This current emphasizes the importance of cultivating all dimensions of the person to achieve a state of well-being and fulfillment.
Key characteristics:
- Integration of physical, emotional, and mental aspects and spiritual aspects of the human being.
- Emphasis on the search for balance and harmony in all dimensions of life.
- Promotion of self-knowledge, authenticity and connection with oneself and with others.
- Focus on personal growth and expansion of consciousness.
7. Social humanism
Social humanism focuses on the importance of community, solidarity and social justice as fundamental pillars for human well-being. This current promotes equal opportunities, inclusion and the active participation of individuals in the construction of a more just and equitable society.
Key characteristics:
- Emphasis on community, solidarity and cooperation as central values.
- Promotion of equal rights and opportunities for all individuals.
- Defence of social justice, inclusion and diversity as fundamental principles.
- Commitment to social transformation and the creation of a more just and humane world.
In conclusion, humanism encompasses a variety of currents that share the belief in the dignity and potential of the human person. Each type of humanism offers a unique perspective on human nature, the meaning of life, and how individuals can achieve their fulfillment. Exploring and understanding these different currents can enrich our vision of human beings and their place in the world.