Solidarity is a fundamental concept in sociology and psychology that refers to collaboration and mutual support between individuals or groups. Emile Durkheim, one of the founding fathers of sociology, developed the theory of types of solidarity as a way to understand the different ways in which people come together and relate in society. In this article, we will explore the three types of solidarity defined by Durkheim and provide examples to illustrate each of them.
Mechanical Solidarity
Mechanical solidarity is a type of solidarity that is based on the similarity and uniformity of norms, values and beliefs shared by members of a community. In this type of solidarity, social cohesion is derived from homogeneity and the lack of differentiation between individuals. In societies with mechanical solidarity, people share similar roles and responsibilities, and there is strong social pressure to conform to established norms.
Example of mechanical solidarity:
A classic example of Mechanical solidarity is found in indigenous tribes, where members share a common set of traditions, rituals, and cultural practices. In this context, group identity is based on belonging to the same community, and social cohesion is maintained through conformity to the norms established by tradition.
Organic Solidarity
In contrast to mechanical solidarity, organic solidarity is based on the interdependence and complementarity of roles in more complex and differentiated societies. In this type of solidarity, social cohesion arises from the diversity and specialization of functions that require collaboration and cooperation between individuals with different skills and responsibilities.
Example of organic solidarity:
An example of organic solidarity can be observed in a modern industrial society, where individuals play specific roles based on their skills and knowledge, and the interaction between them is essential for the efficient functioning of society. For example, in a factory, workers, managers, engineers, and maintenance personnel depend on each other to achieve proper production and operation of the plant.
Civil Solidarity
Civil solidarity refers to the voluntary collaboration and active participation of individuals in the political and social life of the community. In this type of solidarity, citizens come together to promote common well-being, defend human rights and fight for social justice. Civil solidarity implies a civic commitment and an ethic of responsibility towards the well-being of all members of society.
Example of civil solidarity:
An example of civil solidarity can be seen in social movements such as feminism, the fight for civil rights or the defense of the environment, where individuals organize and join their efforts to promote significant social, political or environmental changes. These movements reflect a shared commitment to values such as equality, justice and sustainability, and demonstrate how solidarity can be a driver of transformation and progress in society.
In conclusion, the three types of solidarity -mechanical, organic and civil- represent different ways in which individuals and groups come together and collaborate in society. Understanding these types of solidarity helps us appreciate the diversity of social relationships and the importance of cooperation and mutual support in building strong, cohesive communities. Whether through tradition and conformity, specialization and interdependence, or civic participation and the fight for justice, solidarity plays a crucial role in the social cohesion and collective well-being of humanity.